Spectrum Email is a rebranded version of Charter Email. Once you have created your email address, you can check your email directly by going to and entering your email address and password. To access your Spectrum email, you first need to create an email address. RoadRunner email is no longer available as of October 2019 and it was rebranded as Spectrum Email with all users being asked to convert their email domains to Spectrum Email addresses. This will take you to a screen where you can see all of your Spectrum email addresses and manage your settings. Once you are signed in, you can go to the ‘Manage Account’ menu and select the ‘Email’ option. To access your Spectrum email, you will need to first sign in to your account. Spectrum Email is marketed as Spectrum Webmail and it is available to all Spectrum internet subscribers. The domain is kept so that existing clients can access their emails. It was previously known as Roadrunner Email and Charter Email. “I would love to work on that.Spectrum Email is an email service provided by Spectrum. “If you have any suggested targets that would work in autism and would be a good fit, it would be great to hear from people,” Shokat says. Pairing it with RapaBlock curbed the drug’s action in a dish.Īt the moment, Zhang and Shokat do not have plans to pursue autism-linked conditions. They created a RapaBlock-sensitive version of an investigational Parkinson’s drug that is toxic to the lungs, for example. Shokat says his team hopes to apply the approach to drugs besides those that target mTOR. “The limitation is the exact same limitation there is with rapamycin itself.” One downside is RapaBlock’s large molecular size it needs to be given intravenously and is not small enough to be delivered via a pill.Īnother important limitation of the approach is that treating mTOR hyperactivity will not affect the root causes when a mutation turns on mTOR from somewhere upstream, Luikart says.
So future studies should investigate whether the RapaLink-1 and RapaBlock mix can rescue neuronal defects as effectively while leaving development intact. Rapamycin treatment prevents neuronal overgrowth in newborn mice with PTEN mutations, but it also impedes the mice’s growth overall, Luikart says. Studies are already underway for mTOR-inhibiting drugs to treat tumor growth in people with the syndrome. One possible application is in PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, says Bryan Luikart, associate professor of molecular and systems biology at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, who was not involved in the new work. But this new approach enables the formulation of tissue-selective drugs and could be adapted to various ends, including other conditions that involve overactive mTOR signaling, he says. The safest and most effective pharmaceuticals bind to only one protein in the body, a specificity that can make drug discovery a one-off, Shokat says. The work appeared in September in Nature. The treated animals’ tumors grew significantly more slowly than those in untreated mice, and treated animals showed none of the weight loss, metabolic changes or liver toxicity mTOR inhibition typically causes. Shokat, Zhang and their colleagues tested their one-two punch in a mouse model of glioblastoma, an aggressive brain cancer marked by mTOR hyperactivity. This targeting makes it possible to skirt side effects, they say.
So the team developed two new drugs that each perform a specific task: RapaLink-1 blocks mTOR activity while RapaBlock, which cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, stymies RapaLink-1 everywhere but in the brain.
But because these drugs can circulate throughout the body, they can cause metabolic side effects, says lead investigator Kevan Shokat, professor of cellular and molecular pharmacology at the University of California, San Francisco.įor example, blocking mTOR signaling outside the brain can cause developmental deficits in children, says Ziyang Zhang, assistant professor of chemistry and chemical biology at the University of California, Berkeley, who worked on the new research as a postdoc in Shokat’s lab. Some researchers have tried to treat these conditions with rapamycin or other drugs that subdue mTOR. It is overactive in people with tuberous sclerosis complex, fragile X syndrome or PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, genetic conditions that are often accompanied by autism. The ‘mammalian target of rapamycin’ (mTOR) pathway regulates cell proliferation and protein production. Brain specificity: Mice being treated with an experimental dual drug showed remarkably slower tumor growth (bottom) compared with untreated mice (top).Ī novel pair of drugs can selectively inhibit an autism-linked cell-signaling pathway in the brain while leaving it unaffected in the rest of the body, according to a new study.
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